Comparing the delivery to the hair bulb of two fluorescent molecules of distinct hydrophilicities by different nanoparticles and a serum formulation

The follicular route is an important drug penetration pathway in any topical application, either concerning dermatological and cosmetic skin treatments or any transdermal administration regimen. Efficient transport into follicles will depend on drug inherent properties but also on the chosen vehicle. The main study goal was to compare several systems for the delivery to the hair bulb of two fluorescent molecules of different water affinities: the hydrophobic Nile Red and the quite similar but hydrophilic Nile Blue. Three common nanoparticle types were compared in terms of encapsulation efficiency and stability: liposomes, ethosomes and polymeric nanoparticles. A liquid serum-like formulation was also developed, adjusting the final ethanol amount to the type of dye to be solubilized. Then, this formulation and the nanoparticle systems that successfully passed characterization and stability stages were further studied on their ability to reach the bulb. The serum formulation was able to deliver, both drug models, to deeper follicular regions than nanoparticles. Attending to the envisioned zone target of the follicle, the simplest approach proved to be the best choice from all the systems tested in this work. Nonetheless, nanocarriers and the inherent complexity of their manufacturing processes may be justified under very specific requirements.The author Cristiana Costa would like to acknowledge his PhD scholarship funded by Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT) (SFRH/BD/139522/2018). The author Bruno Fernandes would like to acknowledge his PhD scholarship funded by FCT (SFRH/BD/131824/2017). The author Diana Guimarães would like to acknowledge his PhD scholarship funded by FCT (SFRH/BD/140321/2018). This study was supported by the FCT under the scope of BioTecNorte operation (NORTE-01-0145-FEDER-000004) funded by the European Regional Development Fund under the scope of Norte2020 – Programa Operacional Regional do Norte.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Measurement of Competitive Advantages and Market Attractiveness for Strategic Controlling

Knowledge about the existence or extension of competitive advantages and a comprehensive picture of a target market are important inputs for strategic planning and control. These two factors determine, among other things, the yield and risk of a strategic business unit. Higher market attractiveness and more competitive advantages result, ceteris paribus, in higher success. A valid measurement of these two dimensions should be crucial for strategic controlling. Based on theoretical consider- ations of the market-based and the resource-based view of strategy, and in addition, on a brief overview of empirical studies measuring these constructs, we present our own analysis showing the extent to which the core of these earlier findings can be confirmed. Summing up, we examine whether these two dimensions can be understood as latent variables and whether they can be measured with a few individual indicators using several empirical data sets from the field of industrial goods research. Finally we apply these findings in a case study